Manual / Guide · 1978
USAF correspondence course on Strowger step-by-step equipment: relays and the two-motion switch, AE-style line finders and distributors, selectors and connectors relay by relay, power, ringing, maintenance, and the Type 26A switch tester (Vol. 3, ch. 6).
DOCUMEIT RESUME CE 027 135 ED 194 781 TITLE INSTITUTION PUB DATE NOTE EDRS PRICE DESCRIPTORS IDENTIFIERS Military Curriculum Materials for Vocational and Technical Education. Telephone Switching Equipment Repairman 5.6. (EIectromechanicaI) CDC36251. Air Force School of Applied Aerospace Sciences; Sheppard AFB; Tex.: Ohio State Univ.,.Columbus. National Center for Research in Vocational Education. Dec 78 690p.: Some pages will not reprcduce well due to.' small; light print. MF041PC2B Plus Postage. Addlt Education: *Electrical Otcupations: *Elettromechanical Technology:_Electronics: *Equipment Maintenance: *Individualized Instruction:. Learning Activities: Postsecondary Education: Repatt: Secondary Education: .*Technical Education:, Telephone Communications Industry: *Telephone Communications Systems: TeSts: Textbooks Militarv%Curr ulumRrolect: Relay Circuits: *Telephonechanits . ABSTRACT These individualized;_seIf,paced student texts for a secondary-postsecondary level course for teIephtne switching equipment repairman are_one of a number of military - developed curriculum packages selected -for adaptation to vocational instruction eind_curricuIum development yin a. civilian setting. The five- volume course is designed to Tvide_students with understanding of the ns_of telephone eqdipment to permit rapid theory_and_ncrmal_func analysis of'telephone troubles. Volume 1; Introduction to Career Field, covers safety -switching; review of electronic principles and standard test egdipmenti_supply principles; and fundamentals of management. Volume 2,_ Telephone Fundamentals4spresents an overview of relays and switches, basic telephone_principles; and_installation fundamentals and familiarizationon the operation nd'maintenance of the AN/FTA 13_manualtelephone system. Volume_3, S rowger Step-by7Step Telephone System, discusses applicat on Offdndamental _ i information, when step -by -step equipment is used -o perfOrm the required switch functions. Volume 4, TY Telephone System, covers this system in...the Method used in Volume 3; Volume 5; AUTOVON Interface Equipment and Base Wire System; discusses interface., circuitry with respect' to circuit operation and maintenance'ane testing and maintenance -of the base cable' plant tc handle AUTOVON'and Other quality circuits. Each volume contains test materials; review exercises and answers; tests; and supplementary schematic drawings. (YIB) *********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by ERRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** .o MILITARY CURRICULUM MATERIALS The militarydeveloped_eurLiculummaterials in' this course package were selected by the National Center for Research in Vocational Education Military Curriculum Project for'dissemination to the-six regional Curriculum Coordination Centers and _ other instructional materials agencies. The purpose of disseminating these courses was to make curriculum_ materials developed by the military more accessible to vocational educators in the civilian setting. _ The course materials were aoguiredi_evaluated by project staff and practitioners in the field; And_prepared dissemination. Materials Whidh_were specific to the military were_deleted, copyrighted materials were either omitted orapproval for_theirAise was obtained._ _These course packages'contain curricUlUM reSOUrce_MaterialS WhiCh can be adapted to support vocational instruction and curriculum development. gr, Military Curriciilum Materials for The National Center Vocational and MittiOh Statement Technical Education utrimmitzL"^tfrirmeistitiraretztrzfterid rrir^",r07,-w...77m.mr,rprprryerwrrwqrr, The National Center for Research in Inforniltien and Field VOCatibrial Eficaticin's mission is to increase Scrius Division the ability of diverse agencies, institutions, and organizations to solve educational prob- lems relating to individual career planning,. preparation, and progression. The National Center fulfills its mission by; Generating kno.wHedgetrough research Developing educational programs and products Evaluating individual program needs and outcomes Installing educational programs and products Operating information' Systems and services Conducting leadership development and training programs FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ABOUT Military Curriculum Materials Iv WRITE OR CALL Program Information Office The National Center for Research in Vocational _ Education The Ohio State University 1960: enny Road,Columbus,_Ohio_43210_ Telephone: 614/483655 or Toll Free 800/ 848-4815 within the continental US; (except Ohib) The Crmlr,r ibr Vor..'',iornl EflticatiOn Military Curriculum Materials What Materials Row Can These Dissemination Is Are Available? Material Be Obtained? ., j 'A' ) , 4 an activity to increase the accessibility of One hundred twenty courses on microfiche Contact the Curriculum Coordination Center military.developed curriculum materials to (thirteen in paper form) and descriptions of in your region for information on obtaining vocational and 'technical educators. each have been provided to the vocational materialt (e.g., availability and cost). They Curriculum Coordination Centers and other will respond to your request directly or refer This project; funded by the U.S. Office of instructional materials agencies for dissemi. you to an instructional materials agency Education; includes nation. closer to you. acquisition of cu rri.cul and aterials in print form_ from the Coast Gudd; Air Fork Arm, Marine Corps and Navy. Course :1) materials include programmed instruction, curriculum outlines, instructor CURRICULUM COORDINATION CENTERS guides, student workbooks and technical Access to 'military curriculum materials is manuals, provided through a "Joint Memorandum of EAST.CENTRAL NORTHWEST. Rebecca S. Douglass William Daniels Understanding" between the U.S.. Office of The 120 courses represent the following Director Director Education and the Department of Defense. sixteen vocational subject areas: 100 North First Street Building 17 Springfield, IL 62777 Airdustrial Park 217/782.075. 010pr, WA 88504 c The acquired materialiare reviewed by staff Agriculture Food Service and subject matter specialists, and courses Aviation Health deemed applicable to vocational aridotech- Building 81/ Heating .& Air nical education are selected for dissemination. Construeltion Conditioning MIDWEST SOUTH _trecles Machine Shop Robert Patton James F. Shill, Ph D. The. "National Center for Research in Clerical Management & Director, Director Vo4etionaf Education is the U.S. Office Of _Occupations Supervision 1515 West Sixth Ave. Mississippi State University Education's designated representative to coMmunications- Meteorology & Stillwater, OK 74704 Drawer DX acquire the materials and conduct the project Drafting Navigation 405/377.2000 Mississippi State, MS 39762 activit Electronics Photography EngineNechanics Public Service is 1 Project Staff: Wesley E._Budke,Ph.D.-, Director . National Center Clearioghouse . 206/75 0879 ST . 601/325-.2510 NORTHEAST WESTERN The number of, courses and the subject areas Joseph F, Kelly, Ph.D. Lawrence F. H. Zane, Ph.D. represented will expand as additional mate- Director Director rials with application to vocational and 225 West State Street 1776 University Ave. Shirley A. Chase, Ph.D. technical education are identified and selected Trenton, NJ 08625 Honolulu; HI 96822 Project Director for dissemination. 609/292-6562 808/948-7834 C TELEPHONE SWITCHING EQUIPMENT REPAIRMAN (ELECTROMECHANICAL) CDC36251 Correspondence Course Developed by: Occupational Area: United States Air Force Communications Dave t and _Review Dates: Print Pages: becember 1978 Availability: 5-6 657 . Vocational CurricUliim Coordination Centers Suggested Background: None Target Audiences: Grades 10 - Adult Organization of Materls: A Student text with review exelkcises_and answers, tests, and Schematic drawings for referral from each volume Type of Instruction: Individualize self-paced , Type of Materiali Vol; 1: Vol. 2: Vol: 3` Vol. Introduction to gamer Field Schetatic 1 4f Vol. 5 Average_ Completion Time: FlaXible_ 69 ' 1 Test 1 12 Telephone Fundamentals and Manual = Telephone Systems. 156 Schematics 1-7 9 Teat 2 12 S'trowger Step -by -Step Telephone System Strowger Step-by-Step Tplephone System -...''S,-'1 Schematics 1-10. 12 Test:3_ VOI J No. of Paws: 10 Flexible Flexible . . f XY Telephone Systeth Schematics 1-14 Test 4 AUTOVON Interface Equipment and Base 79 Flexible 54 15 Wire System Schemattcs 1-10 Test 5 103 Flexible -23 11 Chapters 1,3,4, and 5 of volume'l have been deleted due too Military Specific Materials Supplementary Materials Required: None C*E THE NATIONAL CENTER FOR RESEARCH IN VOCATIONAL EDUCATION The Ohio State University 8 1960 Kenny Road Columbus, Ohio 4321 (614) 486.3655 er CDC 36251 Description: This nourae_is designed to- provide the student with an understanding of the theory_and_riOrmal functions of telephone equipment that will permit the rapid analysis of telephone troubles: The course is divided-into five volumes as 'follow: Volume 1 -7. Introdutt-int-to Career Field - .covers safety switching;review' of electtonit principles and standard test equipment; supply principles; and fundamentals of management. Volume -- Telephone Fundamentals and Manual Telephone System - presents materials_abouttelayS and_switches. Zt also contains an overview of basic telephone prinqOles as well as installation fUndamentals andfamiliaritation_on the operation and maintenance Of the AN/FTA - 13 manual telephone system. Volume 3 -- StOWgq_Step-by-Step Telephone-Sys teM = discusses application of fundamental information given in previous volumes, when stepby-step equipment is used toperform the required switch' functions. i Volume 4--- XY TeIephoneSyStL- cov he KY telephone system in almost the identical method the StrOwger system was present in vOlume .3. Volume 5 -7 AUTOVON InterfaceEqn444mult-and-BaSe Wire System_- discusses some Of_the interface circuitry with respect to circuit operation and maintenance and testing and maintenance of the base cab lA plant .tO,handle AUTOVO and other quality circuits. Each volume tb_accompatied a supplement of schematic drawings for referral from the readings. Also; eat volume contains review exercises and answers, and examinations. Chapters 1 ,4, and 5 of volume 1 have been deleted- due to military specific materials. TELEPHONE EQUIPMENT SWITCHING REPAIRMAN (ELECTROMECHANICAL) CDC36251 CORRESPONDENCE COURSE 5-6 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Volume \ page . Introduction to Career Field 1. Schematic Drawlel Test 1 1 5 & & 73 74 t Telephone Fundam ntals and Manual Telephone 4stem t Schematic Drawin s 1-7 Test 2 86 242 3. Strowger Step-by-Step Telephone System; Schematic Drawings 1-10 U Test 3 263 353 365 4. XY Telephone System Schematic Drawings 1-14 Test 4 2. 251, I 375 .454 508 ) 5. 0 AUTOVON Interface Equipment and Ba8e Wire System Schematic Drawings 1-10 c Test 5 523 625 641 i NOTE: Chapters 1,3,4, and 5 of volume 1 have beg due to-military specific mTerials. deleted rr 4 /VOTE: ..dt=cvi .1 een amItited. hloweve PI 4l( course rna+er;a1 is in ate Number leas ed 36251 01 7512 CDC 36251 TELEPHONE SWITCHING EQUIPMENT REPAIRMAN TLECTROMECHAN ICAO (AFSC 36251) A a Volume 1 Introduction to Career Fie 9' Extension Course Institute PREPARITD BY DEPARTMeg OF COMMLNICAT1ONS4ANDMISSILE TRAINING USAF SCHaOL ON*PUED AMAZE SCIENCE (ATC) SHEPPWID AIR FORCE BASE. TEXAS /t- PCTINSION rASE lusTrruTErGuartn AIR FOR E STA THIS PUBLICATION- HAS BEEN REVIEWED ANO APPROVED BY COMPETENT PERSO ' OF THE PREPARING COMMAND IN ACCORDANCE WITI-LCUARENT DIRECTIVES ON. DOCTRINE, POLICY, ESSENTIALITY, PROPRIETY, AND QUALITY, Preface P AN EFFICIENT inside plant telephone repairman understands the theory and the normal.functions of telephone equipment This understanding permits him to Make rapid analyses of telephone troubles. CDC 36251 reviews the_ Wire Communications Systems Maintenance Career Field. Also it recalls information about electrical ftindathentalt, tOnsistors, relays, switches, inspection of telephone equipment, tracing of teltphone circuits, testing of telephone circuits, and repair of central office equipment. It also covers manual telephone systems. and AUTOVON interface maintenance. It introduces*SCOPE CAP, a relatively new program that provides you with new tools and tecluiiques for testing and main-, taming quality base wire systems This_ hoineltudy7 CDC; used along with the skill training provided during OJT; should increase: your knowledge and prepare you for undertaking more complex tasks. Meanwhile; you will be helping your organization accomplish itsmission. You should recognize during your training that difficult tails often consist of many simple duties; therefore, when.all simple duties are completed correctly, the complex talk is accompliihnd. . This volume, infrodsictiin to weir Field, is the first of ;irk volumes. It consists Of career field organization; Wire Communication Systems Career Field cluties;Aafety, technical orders, supervision and training, maintenance management, a review of electronic principles and standard -test equipment; which includes coverage on the Line insulation and equipment routiners; supply principles; and funda, menials of _management Also; you: will see a review of electronic fundamentals and a resume of methods for using _technical publications: Some inspections and records are also described in this volume You will find that this volume builds on your earlier training and that it will aid you when you are studying the fahrvolumes that follow. In addition, it will be tiieftil during your on-the-job pfoficiency training._ Completion of this volume aids in fulfilling the theory and fundamental knowledge required for AFSC 36251. The total training iequirement includes further development ttirough the job proficiency a guide (JPG) for the specific equipment and_ duties_of your- particular- assignment Code numbers appearing on figures are for preparing agency_identification If you_ have questions on the accuracy or currency of the subject matter of this text; or recommendations for its improvement, send them to SAAS/TTOXU, She-ppard AFB, TX 76311. NOTE: Do not use the suggestion program to submit corrections for typographical or other errors. If you have Questions on course enrollment or administration, or on any of ECI's instructional aids our Key to Career Development, Behavioral_ Objective Exercises, Volume Review Exercise, and Course Examination), consult your education officer, training officer, or NCO, as appropriate. If he can't answer your questions, send them to ECI, Gunter AFS AL 36118, preferably on ECI Form 17; Student Rawest for Assistance. This volume is valued at 36 hours (12 points): Material in this volume is technically accurate; adequate; and current as of De c emb e r 1978. eh 1 'p .1 ^:* Contents Page iii Preface Chapter ,areer Progressibn 11 2 Safety in the Switching 'Center 3 Technical Orders 4 Supervision and Training 36 5 Maintenance Management 55 6 Electronic Principles 72 7 Standard Test Equipment 93 Answers for Exercises 119 NOTE: ..z 18 Chapters 113,4, and 5 of this volume have been deleted due to military specific materials. a 9 CHAPTER 2 Safety in the Switching Center ACCIDENTS are usually -the result of a failure to think: More accidents are caused by your fellow moderate intensity heard for a long period of time can damage your hearing. Of course; a loud; sudden sound can also-damage it. The rotor; cams; belts; etc., turned by a motor are also accident sources. high-vOltage terminals. Any set of exposed contacts repairmen (and you?) than by equipment failure. You must think safety and 'use safe proetelliret. You must practice them until you no longer have to concentrate to do them. But you must guard against habit taking the place of thoughyPerforrning habitually is effective to a point; but in terms of safety it has been found to have limitations. "Familiarity breeds carelessness." Since a thorough coverage of safety is availablE in AFR 127-101; Accident Prevention Handbook; we are limiting our _coverage of safety to your work area and to a few main hazards. A study of these hazards and your observance of safety rules can result in greater Success for you. Furthermore, they could determine whether yourlife as an airman is short or long lasting. that _provide a potential Of 600_ or more volts is a "high-Voltage" risk.- Leaser xoltags* can also be dangerous if they cause a current of more than 50 milliamperes within the human body. A wet floor and *damp &hip hands can provide a path for a heavy current.' doors or gates. if left open when no one is working at the position; can cause severe cuts and bruises. Chairs. A chair is an accident source when it is used as a substitute for a ladder. In 'addition, too many accidents have resulted from using a straight-backed chair as a rocking chair: Metal tooLs, bracelets, wristwatches. etc. A metallic device can make the equipment inoperative because it can cause_short circuits, It also can shock or burn the wearer. If touched to battery terminals, it may cause sparking that could cause gases around the batteries to explode, 2-1. Live and Let Live The practice of safety at a switching center is an important function because of the design of the installation- and the equipment. Equipment components are possible accident sources even though Circuit drawers. Removal and replacement of a heavy- drawer containing circuits has resulted in strained backs, injured legs, and broken_ toes. In addition, broken circuits, bent frames, and chipped floors result from drawers being dropped: Prevent they are quite safe under normal conditions. Let us consider the meaning of an "accident source." Then we will discuss "accident causes." acci004; Define the terms "accident source" a dent cause," and tell how they relate to your work area. these accidents by using gloves and_a helper. Rolling A-type or trolley [adders. Since these ladders operate on wheels; they can move and be moved: For this reason; you must use safety locks (pegs) to prevent their movement. If you put tools on the ladder or carry them carelessly; they can fall on equipment or people on the floor below. Accident Causes. An accident cause is the unsafe act or unsafe condition that accompanies the accident source. The most frequent cause of accidents is human error.- Figure 2-1 indicates that 88 pence nt of all Accident Sources. An accident source is not thought to be dangerous; it is an instrument or an activity that has a potential of danger It becomes harmful when it is handled improperly. For example, soldering irons are sources for accidents. The accident occurs when a man leaves it plugged into a power outlet while he is not in a position to use it when he places it where it can be accidentally touched, or when he flips it while liquid solder is on the tip: The following accident sources may be in your switching accidents are caused by unsafe acts of people: The unsafe act maybe the result of a man's failure to follow instructions. Or, he may have been unaware of the center. Electrical motors or generators You learned during yoyr resident course that noise is made up of irregular safety requirements. Likewise, sound waves that give an unpleasant sensation to the ear: Noise is a byproduct of mechanization. Sound of equipment; but the 10-percent rating shown for a man failing t recognize unsafe conditions may commit an unsafe act. Figure 2-1 does not show any statistics for unsafe II ACCIDENT ,CALISES 80 60 01 BY 40a UNSAFE ACTS OF -E 20 ,88% BY PHYSICAL HAZARDS 10% BY NATURAL PHENOMENA 2%. Figure 2.1. 111i relative linpormace, of acident causes. Figure 2-2. wane can with ieff=closing footoperated lid. physical hazards thodld include this group. YOU can category is electrical equipment which has not been properly grounded; (8) M_aintaining a messy work area An example of this condition---is a- cluttered workspace, which can see that few accidents are the result of equipment design and operation. Accident causes, as they apply to this career ladder, can 00 separated into two typ-ea._ dicitt that destroy equipment and those that endanger a person's health; Some of the causes fit both categories. Accident = causes that destroy communications equipment. Here are 10 causes of accidenteihat can destroy equipment, , (1) Smoking in an unauthorized area. The result in the loss of a tiny component; Solder-drops left on die floor 'result in danger to the workmen because they may cause _him to stumble and can rediice his insulating protection: Incidentally; dropping melted Solder &erne high level while performing your work is sheer carelessness -in the --first -place. -This solder can cause an undesired connection in the operating equipment. communications equipment, roortris not an authorized smoking area for several reasons. Smoke is an impurity that causes extra switching equipment maintenance. In addition, there is a strong possibility that battery fumes (9) Wearing to-otely huttg_ID tngtworking with electrical equipment: may be within the- area The hydrogen gas formed during the operation of a battery can explode if it - jelkeli* *het PERFORATIONS STRAP contacts a burning material or_a spark._ (2) Failing to place =oily rags ia,iewcicaing Metal containers; -one of which is shovni in figure 2;2. The container Should be carried from the building at the end of the day and the tags removed. Thit act eliminates the possibility of a fire in the building. (3) Using &aline, keroiene, or other flammable fuels for cleaning purposes. (4) Depositing- cigarettes or matches in a wastebasket. Even if the cigarette or match appears to be out; it should never be placed in a Wittebaiket. Specially identified containers are made for their disposal, (5) Operating equipment Witbout_proper authbrity. (6) Failing to follow equipment safety precautions: For instance, _many ohmmeters have been damaged because the maintenance man has neglected to remove power from the circuit_ to be tested. LENS (7) OperatingAnsafe equipment. Included in this Figure 2.3. One-piece plastic goggles. 12 V t .. eh A Figure 24. Manual lift. B. SCREWDRIVER A. FILE Figure 2-5. Improper use of took 13 4 (40 cuts ecifitaitiers of "soda pop or other liquids on,equip ere Whiri th-ey can be spilled easily onto the 'devices of Itiviysksu . ifF .call result in injury to thc olloWing are eight causes of main? :petso 7). s identili-, iet1P'.alothingarid devices. The t9 4ti example of a protective dey' .1\ you. necdOheniyou are soldering When you' tilling concrete, you also need goggles. )(2) Working at unsafe Sgeedl. gcSgkmilityf_fighre 24 ,9` Indulging in horseplay , (4). Assuming an unsarettOdy position while you are working. .F re 2-4A.Shows a man in the imProper position for liftini>a heavy (50 Ibs) object. FiStire 2- 4B .shows the proper position for lifting this cartOn: The legs are exerting the primary lifting force. NOTE:_ You:may; occasionally._ have to assume an unsafe bizidy position because of the construction of the equipment that you are testing or repairing. (5) Using the wrong tool for the job or using a IOW': improperly. Figure .2-5A shows a_ file being used without a-handle and the -results of--his act. Figure 2-5B _illustrates the. improper ptlitioning of a screvAtiver. An inclined_ or slanting screwdriver can also result in a punctured arm or hand. (6) Pouring water into acid when making battery eleOtrolyte. If water is added to the sulphuric acid; boiling can scatter the liquid and cause severe acid burns. Spilling _electrolyte onto unprotected clothing can altii result in acid burns. (7) Failing to warn individuals of possible dangers or failing:to observe warning signs: (8) Using toxic flUidS within a confined area. _ 005.. CiViti---sekettd situations dealing with live circuits, identify any safety. violations present and state the precaution(s) that you should observer Livk:-.. Circuits; Wise maintenance men treat 'energized electrical circuits with respect and cat,stion: They do .not use high-voltage equipment without knowing 'exactly what is to be done. Avoid equipment marked "DANGER -,HIGH VOLTAGE" unless you have-been -authorized to control it Even then, handle It with care: For example: wear electrical safety gloves designed for the voltage with which you are going to work. A person who attempts to repair electrical equipment without switching 'off the power is gamblingwith death. Safety devices ShOUld never be bypaSSed or modified without authorization: A blown fuse must be replaced with another fuse of the same 'current and voltage rating. = Have good ligqing when you are workinig "'with electrical equipment: Use insulating matting on the floor next to high7voltage equipment, such as repair and test benches. Use care that you do not let metalliC chips, loose solder: or small parts fall on the matting. This metal will, in time, reduce the insulating value.of the matting. DO MIT WORK ALONE on or near HIGH _ VOLTAGE. Station, a helper where he can see you and where he can reach the main switch quickly in case of an emergency. Furthermore-all personnel should know the proper treatment for electrical shock. Remove your jewelry before you work on this equipment. Keep your clothing losed so that zippers. etc. cannot contact a high-vol ge terminal. _ Exercises (004): 1. What two factors are a part of every accident? Exercise (005): 1. In situations I through 3 at the end of this chapter. identify the safety violations pertaining to working with live circuits and state the safety precaution(s) that should be observed. 2. An electric drill; a circuit breaker; a Strowger . linefinder, and an XY selector switch are in which of two classificalkns?, 3. Define the two factors that result in accidents. 006. Given selected work situations dealing with the we of tools and test equipment, identify the safety violations and state the safety precaution(s) that should be observed. 4. By what means should you dispose of oily rags? such as relay adjusting tools, punching tools, Tools. Tools can be separated into many types. _ wrenches-, etc. Our major groupings for this section are: using tools and preparing tools for storage. Using tools. You must never hold tools such as drills and screwdrivers at an angle. To keep from breaking them: hold them upright. For the same reason. don't twist them with a pair of pliers or pry with them: Do not hold drills in one position until the bit is 5. What is a possibly accident that you could cause When m uring the resistance of a component in an electrical - Circuit? overheated: Excess heat weakens the metal. MAve, it in 14 ' against the object and then pull It back to let it cool momentarily. Do not use pliers on a nut because you will r.pin the nut: This practice may also strip the plier jaws. You will break pliers if you use them as a bar for prying against= objects. Use a minimum of strength when twisting pliers to adjust relay components because excessive strength_ can break the components. "Light fingers" are required when: using all relay adjusting tools: Wrenches should be pUlled toward you, Use-the correct size wrench to prevent damage to the nut being loosened: A pipe should not be used_as an extension to the wrench handle because it puts extra presSure Oh :the jaws and may also break the wrench. Never cut into nails with alai'. Also do not twist a saw to flip_ off strips of waw material: This act may warp the blade or bend the /teeth. _ Place a canvas or some .type of "c.atthbaSket" between your high_ level work area and the operating / 3_ When using the test equipment, show respect for the electrical voltAges p&sent, If a second repairman is available; use him as a-safety= observer. Comply with the technical orders that apply to the test eqUipMent and to the equipment being checked. Obey all safety directives pertaining to the use of electroli equipment. Iketiirli the test instrument to its storage case when finished: DO not force it ,into poSitian if you meet resistance. Look a device that is improperly r sitioned; ,Reniember: 'rest sets .,are delicate; expensive; precision instruments. Treat them with care. Exercise (006): I. In situations I through 3 at the end of this chapter, identify_the safety violatiOns of the use of tools and test equipment and state the safety preciiition(s) that should be observed. equipment below before beginning to solder or use tools._Take care that your work is done at a safe speed and that you don't overstretch. Otherwiie, the work may be of poor quality, or., you may fall from your position. 4 Preparing tools for storage. Metal tools should be coated with a rust;preventive compound andstored in a dry place. Also, tools should:not be tossed together 007. Given .electkl worleAapations dealing with the use of ladders, identify the safety violations and state the safety precaution(s) that should be' observed. in a toolbo =x. Keep them in divilled units or-place-theth on support racks. Provide = protective containers for devices such as hydrometers: The hydrometer, should be stored near the battery bank and be_cleaned and *led after use. When-yini remove a tool from storage, iiiSpect it for damage before,you use it and wipe it with a dry rag tO:teMove the rust-preventiVe compound; Test Equipment. Prevent damage to electrOnic equipment by bulling _the unit gently from its storage container. Withdraw it by taking it out straight. Use gloves, when you are carrying heavy equipment and equipment with rough edges. After you remove the test unit from the container; inspect it ;visualtiA for evidence of corrosion, broken control knobs, a_bent pointer, _cracks, missingscrews; or frayed cords. Before-using the Instrument, read the operating instructions and note the precautions _that apply to it. For example, if you are planning to test a direct current circuit, make sure that you do not bidden. There are likely to be several types of ladders in a.central Office. In most Strowger exchanges the trolley typeis normally found while the A=tYpe is found in most XY exchanges. Regardless of the type, you must. observe certain batic practices-. Those that have wheels present an Ob US must; you must be able to keep them from r ling: The trolley type has a brake assembly that is inou ted in the channeling than holds it upright: The A-type hat wheels that are springloaded. That isito say Iiiit it witl roll when nothing of sufficient weight is on It, When someone is on it, the springs, compress and allow the feet of the ladder to rest on the flobr. Everybody knows that you shouldn't walk under a ladder, but hate you _ever done it just to prove to yourself that you could do it without getting hurt? Probably, but as the songwrivr put' it, "Yotir thy will come." It's also taken for-granted that most folks know connect withacomponent having alternating current. KNOW YOUR TEST EQUIPMENT- AND THE not to stand on the top step of a ladder, but, if you'll watch, yowll see it being done and not necessarily by-a CIRCUITS FOR WHICH YOU ARE dummy. Some people also 'try to save time by not moving a ladder; they lean just a little farther to reach what they.want. By doing this sort _of thing, not only are you likely to get Min,. but you become a statistic, RESPONSIBLE. . Inspect the test instrument for 'electrical operation. Check for the following in this inspection: yoursupervisor must fill out a ream of paper-Work; and the ground safety people get upset. Remember, "Crime a: Absence_ of :pointer movement when voltage is applied to a completed' meter circuit. b. Pointer movement -to an improper position. To illustrate, durinLthe ZERO adjustment procedure; the pointer fails to move to zero. c. Pointer fluctifation. doesn't and Safety does" pay. NOW __Let's; talk about crime. You've heard the phras-r,'It'satrime," when something unpleasant happens to someone. It's people like us who are retNnSible. Do you leave things on ladders? Think 15 These simple precautions should allow you to get.. the job done with little or no chance of ill effects to you or your coworkers. Caretoily befOre you give out with a self-righteous "No.- Not even for just a minute? Every now and Then we all do. And because we do,_peo_ple are being hurt. It's very easy to leave a piece of test equipment or a couple of tools resting on one of the ladder's steps or on top of an A-type ladder when you are going to be do something. Often, gone for just a minute to get somebody needs the ladder while you're gone. If what has been left on the ladder doesn't fall on that person, Ltibricants:We don't use lubricants as often as 'we used to. We use to lubricate all the switches in our exc nges completely ev:kry .90 to .180 days. This erval, thanks to newer bricants and the findings of aintenance personne has been extended to of the decrease in witch of up do 3 years. Beca oiling, you are probably unfamiliar with the task. You know that you should use tech data whenever you perform maintenance; it's the law!. Have you ever noticed that whenyou use oil for any reason it gets spilled? These spills create two possible it falllion the floor and breaks. Exercise (007): 1; In situations 1- through Sat the end of this chapter, identify the safety vtolationspertaining to working with ladders and state the safety precaution(s) that should be observed. accident causes: oily rags and slick spots on your floor. Because people don't watch where they are going when they are in familiar surroundings; they won't see a slick spot on the floor. Therefore, to avoid a serious accident, you must wipe up Spills quickly and thoroughly; Then; you should dispose properly of oily rags to avoid a fire started by spontaneous combustion or a spark from a cigarette, cigar, or pipe: With just a little care on your part, you can prevent many accidents. Properly dis_posinvof rags, properly storing lubricants; and wiping up your spills promptly go' a long way toward making your shop a safe shop. 008. Given selected work situations dealing with the use of solvents and lubricants, identify the safety violations and state the safety precaution(s) that should be observed. Solients. You have dealt with:solvents almost all of .. your life. From the time you were first able to get ,-around you were told to stay away from them or to be w hen you use theft But you have ex'- Exercise (008): 1. In situations ,..--'1 1 with them and normally are pretty complacent about them. At home you have such lea ) , \ solvents as drain openers and household ammonia. In the central'office 915u can find some of the same things: buO;ou will also find specialized solvents: Trichloroethane or trichloroethylene. This ;solvent, often called trichlor, is a liquid used to clean switching equipment. Cleaning switches is a job that.is not done as often today as it used to be. AI with anything else that is done infrequently,_ people farget certain things, and thus; have accidents. Trichlaroethane is practically nonflammable at normal temperatures, and, it is a giod equipment cleaner. However, it does have througji 3, at the end of this observed. 2-2. A Place for Everything A place for everything and everything in its place. This maxim isn't jtist an old cliche: it's also a good motto for today, particularly in a shop environment. it.swbacks: it is toxic; If a person inhales the fumes; he can suffer loss of appetite and headaches, nausea, or 009. Given selected maintenance situations, even complete stupor. Just the odor of trichlor would identify the safety -hazards due to poor or. improper housekeeping and state the safety precaution(s) that should be obierved. make the average person avoid inhaling the fumes: but there are. times when you must be exposed to it. Theoretically, it is used only in well-ventilated areas: The problem is hat. we have !exchanges that need to operate m a con oiled atmosphere and well- ventilated You would think that at our age, over 18 that is, we would, through habit alone, keep our work places tcliwork in an exchange are almost impossible to find. There a some simple precautions we can. take. environment neat and clean. Do you? Take a look around yowl exchange the next time you have a spare minute. (I) Use a small fan to blow the fuMes away from you.. 1 chapter, identify the safety violations pertaining to working with cleaning solvents and lubricants and state the safety precaution(s) that should be . Are alt the toots either in use or in their proper places; how about the test wlipment? Are the dust (2) Work with trichlor for short periods of timeand have someone check on you periodically for any covers on the equipment prOkrly; if not, is it because someone is working on the equipment? if a dust cover is off, is it in thowisle where It can be damaged, or is it stored properly? Let's look further. Are rags, cleaning telltalesymptoms. (3) Keep the container covered, except when you need to get into it. (4) Watch for a feeling of nausea or dizziness. 16 solvents, lubricarits or miscellaneous hardware laying about on or under the workbench? What does the floor look like? In your tour of the exchange, did you haVe to step over or arou d trash, tools, test equipment, or TOs that should not hve been there? Were there any or caused by some spilled liquid, slick spots on the such as _oil, coffe , or coke? We have only scratched the surface; but by, ruaw you probably hhave a good idea replacement fuses of the proper ratings, as hoth fuset needed to be replaced. He then went to tile w.orkbench, got_ an :insulated fuse puller and a tools to their proper places. business on ladders ;or In the.aisles onte_the work has stopped. Also, they should not .be left laying on a - bench once the job is done. If we. put our equipment away when we are through working; we not only Sititiitibri 2 went to run a jumper on the MDF. The cable pair was high -on the vertical, a little higher than eylevel. He routed the jumper and connected it to the eliminate a possible aCcident, we alto know Whereto find the quipment the next. time we need it. uipment dust covers are helpful because they cut down equipment probletrit due to thitt and dirt in the Air, bur' rf\c you've ever stumbled over one, you probably had a few hoice words for it and the person who left it there. Puttingrthings in their proper_ places is essential to a Safeshop. The disposal of oily or dirty rags and the storage of flammable:liquids is of considerable concern, to all of us. Fire not only destroys millions_of dollars worth of buildings and equipment each Year. bill it also claims thousands of lives,. Sitnple measures, such as storing horizontal terminal, block. He' then stripped the insulation from the jumper and proceeded to connect. protector with the wire wrap gun. While it toAirman Smith 'was in the puncets of terminating the jumper; the barrel of the wilt wrap gun touched the terminals just .beneath those he was working on. Situation 3 Airman Jones was told by his supervisor to clean and lubricate the switchis in linefinder bay 1. Airman flammable liquids to an outside storage area And Jones went to.; the TO ;cabinet and removed the workcard tech order he needed: After he found the putting rags in a